<?xml version="1.0"?>
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" dtd-version="1.4" xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/archiving/1.4/xsd/JATS-archivearticle1.xsd" xml:lang="ru">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="ojs">ae</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="ru">&#x410;&#x43A;&#x430;&#x434;&#x435;&#x43C;&#x438;&#x447;&#x435;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x438;&#x439; &#x438;&#x441;&#x441;&#x43B;&#x435;&#x434;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x430;&#x442;&#x435;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x438;&#x439; &#x436;&#x443;&#x440;&#x43D;&#x430;&#x43B;</journal-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
          <trans-title>Academic Research Journal</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">3034-6665</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>&#x418;&#x43D;&#x434;&#x438;&#x432;&#x438;&#x434;&#x443;&#x430;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x43D;&#x44B;&#x439; &#x43F;&#x440;&#x435;&#x434;&#x43F;&#x440;&#x438;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x43C;&#x430;&#x442;&#x435;&#x43B;&#x44C; &#x41F;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x43A;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x437;&#x438;&#x43D; &#x41C;.&#x41C;.&#x418;&#x43D;&#x434;&#x438;&#x432;&#x438;&#x434;&#x443;&#x430;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x43D;&#x44B;&#x439; &#x43F;&#x440;&#x435;&#x434;&#x43F;&#x440;&#x438;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x43C;&#x430;&#x442;&#x435;&#x43B;&#x44C; &#x41F;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x43A;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x437;&#x438;&#x43D; &#x41C;.&#x41C;.&#x418;&#x43D;&#x434;&#x438;&#x432;&#x438;&#x434;&#x443;&#x430;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x43D;&#x44B;&#x439; &#x43F;&#x440;&#x435;&#x434;&#x43F;&#x440;&#x438;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x43C;&#x430;&#x442;&#x435;&#x43B;&#x44C; &#x41F;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x43A;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x437;&#x438;&#x43D; &#x41C;.&#x41C;.&#x418;&#x43D;&#x434;&#x438;&#x432;&#x438;&#x434;&#x443;&#x430;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x43D;&#x44B;&#x439; &#x43F;&#x440;&#x435;&#x434;&#x43F;&#x440;&#x438;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x43C;&#x430;&#x442;&#x435;&#x43B;&#x44C; &#x41F;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x43A;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x437;&#x438;&#x43D; &#x41C;.&#x41C;.&#x418;&#x43D;&#x434;&#x438;&#x432;&#x438;&#x434;&#x443;&#x430;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x43D;&#x44B;&#x439; &#x43F;&#x440;&#x435;&#x434;&#x43F;&#x440;&#x438;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x43C;&#x430;&#x442;&#x435;&#x43B;&#x44C; &#x41F;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x43A;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x437;&#x438;&#x43D; &#x41C;.&#x41C;.&#x418;&#x43D;&#x434;&#x438;&#x432;&#x438;&#x434;&#x443;&#x430;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x43D;&#x44B;&#x439; &#x43F;&#x440;&#x435;&#x434;&#x43F;&#x440;&#x438;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x43C;&#x430;&#x442;&#x435;&#x43B;&#x44C; &#x41F;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x43A;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x437;&#x438;&#x43D; &#x41C;.&#x41C;.&#x418;&#x43D;&#x434;&#x438;&#x432;&#x438;&#x434;&#x443;&#x430;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x43D;&#x44B;&#x439; &#x43F;&#x440;&#x435;&#x434;&#x43F;&#x440;&#x438;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x43C;&#x430;&#x442;&#x435;&#x43B;&#x44C; &#x41F;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x43A;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x437;&#x438;&#x43D; &#x41C;.&#x41C;.&#x418;&#x43D;&#x434;&#x438;&#x432;&#x438;&#x434;&#x443;&#x430;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x43D;&#x44B;&#x439; &#x43F;&#x440;&#x435;&#x434;&#x43F;&#x440;&#x438;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x43C;&#x430;&#x442;&#x435;&#x43B;&#x44C; &#x41F;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x43A;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x437;&#x438;&#x43D; &#x41C;.&#x41C;.&#x418;&#x43D;&#x434;&#x438;&#x432;&#x438;&#x434;&#x443;&#x430;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x43D;&#x44B;&#x439; &#x43F;&#x440;&#x435;&#x434;&#x43F;&#x440;&#x438;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x43C;&#x430;&#x442;&#x435;&#x43B;&#x44C; &#x41F;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x43A;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x437;&#x438;&#x43D; &#x41C;.&#x41C;.&#x418;&#x43D;&#x434;&#x438;&#x432;&#x438;&#x434;&#x443;&#x430;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x43D;&#x44B;&#x439; &#x43F;&#x440;&#x435;&#x434;&#x43F;&#x440;&#x438;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x43C;&#x430;&#x442;&#x435;&#x43B;&#x44C; &#x41F;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x43A;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x437;&#x438;&#x43D; &#x41C;.&#x41C;.&#x418;&#x43D;&#x434;&#x438;&#x432;&#x438;&#x434;&#x443;&#x430;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x43D;&#x44B;&#x439; &#x43F;&#x440;&#x435;&#x434;&#x43F;&#x440;&#x438;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x43C;&#x430;&#x442;&#x435;&#x43B;&#x44C; &#x41F;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x43A;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x437;&#x438;&#x43D; &#x41C;.&#x41C;.&#x418;&#x43D;&#x434;&#x438;&#x432;&#x438;&#x434;&#x443;&#x430;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x43D;&#x44B;&#x439; &#x43F;&#x440;&#x435;&#x434;&#x43F;&#x440;&#x438;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x43C;&#x430;&#x442;&#x435;&#x43B;&#x44C; &#x41F;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x43A;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x437;&#x438;&#x43D; &#x41C;.&#x41C;.&#x418;&#x43D;&#x434;&#x438;&#x432;&#x438;&#x434;&#x443;&#x430;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x43D;&#x44B;&#x439; &#x43F;&#x440;&#x435;&#x434;&#x43F;&#x440;&#x438;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x43C;&#x430;&#x442;&#x435;&#x43B;&#x44C; &#x41F;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x43A;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x437;&#x438;&#x43D; &#x41C;.&#x41C;.&#x418;&#x43D;&#x434;&#x438;&#x432;&#x438;&#x434;&#x443;&#x430;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x43D;&#x44B;&#x439; &#x43F;&#x440;&#x435;&#x434;&#x43F;&#x440;&#x438;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x43C;&#x430;&#x442;&#x435;&#x43B;&#x44C; &#x41F;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x43A;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x437;&#x438;&#x43D; &#x41C;.&#x41C;.&#x418;&#x43D;&#x434;&#x438;&#x432;&#x438;&#x434;&#x443;&#x430;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x43D;&#x44B;&#x439; &#x43F;&#x440;&#x435;&#x434;&#x43F;&#x440;&#x438;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x43C;&#x430;&#x442;&#x435;&#x43B;&#x44C; &#x41F;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x43A;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x437;&#x438;&#x43D; &#x41C;.&#x41C;.&#x418;&#x43D;&#x434;&#x438;&#x432;&#x438;&#x434;&#x443;&#x430;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x43D;&#x44B;&#x439; &#x43F;&#x440;&#x435;&#x434;&#x43F;&#x440;&#x438;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x43C;&#x430;&#x442;&#x435;&#x43B;&#x44C; &#x41F;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x43A;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x437;&#x438;&#x43D; &#x41C;.&#x41C;.</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
      <self-uri xlink:href="https://aereview.ru/index.php/ae"/>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">208</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group xml:lang="ru_RU" subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>&#x421;&#x422;&#x420;&#x423;&#x41A;&#x422;&#x423;&#x420;&#x42B; &#x418; &#x424;&#x41E;&#x420;&#x41C;&#x42B;</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="ru">&#x410;&#x43D;&#x430;&#x43B;&#x438;&#x437; &#x442;&#x43E;&#x440;&#x433;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x43E;&#x433;&#x43E; &#x441;&#x43E;&#x442;&#x440;&#x443;&#x434;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x447;&#x435;&#x441;&#x442;&#x432;&#x430; &#x43C;&#x435;&#x436;&#x434;&#x443; &#x41A;&#x438;&#x442;&#x430;&#x435;&#x43C; &#x438; &#x441;&#x442;&#x440;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x430;&#x43C;&#x438;, &#x440;&#x430;&#x441;&#x43F;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x43E;&#x436;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x43D;&#x44B;&#x43C;&#x438; &#x432;&#x434;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x44C; "&#x41F;&#x43E;&#x44F;&#x441;&#x430; &#x438; &#x43F;&#x443;&#x442;&#x438;", &#x43D;&#x430; &#x43E;&#x441;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x435; &#x441;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x445;&#x430;&#x441;&#x442;&#x438;&#x447;&#x435;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x43E;&#x439; &#x43C;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x435;&#x43B;&#x438; &#x43F;&#x43E;&#x433;&#x440;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x447;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x433;&#x43E; &#x43F;&#x440;&#x438;&#x442;&#x44F;&#x436;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x44F;</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
          <trans-title>Analysis of trade cooperation between China and the countries along the &#x201C;Belt and Road&#x201D; based on a stochastic frontier gravity model</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group content-type="author">
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="western" specific-use="primary" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>&#x427;&#x436;&#x443;</surname>
              <given-names>&#x426;&#x437;&#x44D;&#x446;&#x437;&#x44F;&#x43D;</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Zhu</surname>
              <given-names>Zejiang</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
          <email>a935930543@outlook.com</email>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
        <aff xml:lang="ru">
          <institution content-type="orgname">&#x420;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x441;&#x438;&#x439;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x438;&#x439; &#x443;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x432;&#x435;&#x440;&#x441;&#x438;&#x442;&#x435;&#x442; &#x434;&#x440;&#x443;&#x436;&#x431;&#x44B; &#x43D;&#x430;&#x440;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x43E;&#x432; &#x438;&#x43C;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x438; &#x41F;&#x430;&#x442;&#x440;&#x438;&#x441;&#x430; &#x41B;&#x443;&#x43C;&#x443;&#x43C;&#x431;&#x44B;, 117198, &#x433;. &#x41C;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x432;&#x430;, &#x443;&#x43B;. &#x41C;&#x438;&#x43A;&#x43B;&#x443;&#x445;&#x43E;-&#x41C;&#x430;&#x43A;&#x43B;&#x430;&#x44F;, &#x434;. 6</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff xml:lang="en">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Patrice Lumumba Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, 117198, Moscow, Miklukho-Maklaya str., 6</institution>
        </aff>
      </aff-alternatives>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="epub">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>3</volume>
      <issue>9</issue>
      <fpage>127</fpage>
      <lpage>135</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-02-17">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Copyright (c) 2025 &#x410;&#x43A;&#x430;&#x434;&#x435;&#x43C;&#x438;&#x447;&#x435;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x438;&#x439; &#x438;&#x441;&#x441;&#x43B;&#x435;&#x434;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x430;&#x442;&#x435;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x438;&#x439; &#x436;&#x443;&#x440;&#x43D;&#x430;&#x43B;</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
        <copyright-holder>&#x410;&#x43A;&#x430;&#x434;&#x435;&#x43C;&#x438;&#x447;&#x435;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x438;&#x439; &#x438;&#x441;&#x441;&#x43B;&#x435;&#x434;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x430;&#x442;&#x435;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x438;&#x439; &#x436;&#x443;&#x440;&#x43D;&#x430;&#x43B;</copyright-holder>
        <license xml:lang="ru" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0">
          <license-p>&#x42D;&#x442;&#x43E; &#x43F;&#x440;&#x43E;&#x438;&#x437;&#x432;&#x435;&#x434;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x435; &#x434;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x442;&#x443;&#x43F;&#x43D;&#x43E; &#x43F;&#x43E; &#x43B;&#x438;&#x446;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x437;&#x438;&#x438; Creative Commons &#xAB;Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives&#xBB; (&#xAB;&#x410;&#x442;&#x440;&#x438;&#x431;&#x443;&#x446;&#x438;&#x44F; &#x2014; &#x41D;&#x435;&#x43A;&#x43E;&#x43C;&#x43C;&#x435;&#x440;&#x447;&#x435;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x43E;&#x435; &#x438;&#x441;&#x43F;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x437;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x435; &#x2014; &#x411;&#x435;&#x437; &#x43F;&#x440;&#x43E;&#x438;&#x437;&#x432;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x43D;&#x44B;&#x445; &#x43F;&#x440;&#x43E;&#x438;&#x437;&#x432;&#x435;&#x434;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x439;&#xBB;) 4.0 &#x412;&#x441;&#x435;&#x43C;&#x438;&#x440;&#x43D;&#x430;&#x44F;.</license-p>
        </license>
        <license license-type="open-access" specific-use="metadata" xml:lang="ru" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/">
          <license-p>&#x41C;&#x435;&#x442;&#x430;&#x434;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x43D;&#x44B;&#x435; &#x43D;&#x430;&#x441;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x44F;&#x449;&#x435;&#x439; &#x437;&#x430;&#x43F;&#x438;&#x441;&#x438; &#x440;&#x430;&#x441;&#x43F;&#x440;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x442;&#x440;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x44F;&#x44E;&#x442;&#x441;&#x44F; &#x43D;&#x430; &#x443;&#x441;&#x43B;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x438;&#x44F;&#x445; Creative Commons CC0 1.0 (&#x43F;&#x435;&#x440;&#x435;&#x434;&#x430;&#x447;&#x430; &#x432; &#x43E;&#x431;&#x449;&#x435;&#x441;&#x442;&#x432;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x435; &#x434;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x44F;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x435;).</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri xlink:href="https://aereview.ru/index.php/ae/article/view/208"/>
      <abstract xml:lang="ru">
        <p>&#x412; &#x443;&#x441;&#x43B;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x438;&#x44F;&#x445; &#x442;&#x440;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x441;&#x444;&#x43E;&#x440;&#x43C;&#x430;&#x446;&#x438;&#x438; &#x433;&#x43B;&#x43E;&#x431;&#x430;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x433;&#x43E; &#x43F;&#x43E;&#x440;&#x44F;&#x434;&#x43A;&#x430; &#x438; &#x43F;&#x435;&#x440;&#x435;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x43C;&#x44B;&#x441;&#x43B;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x44F; &#x440;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x438; &#x438;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x446;&#x438;&#x430;&#x442;&#x438;&#x432;&#x44B; &#xAB;&#x41F;&#x43E;&#x44F;&#x441; &#x438; &#x43F;&#x443;&#x442;&#x44C;&#xBB; &#x438;&#x441;&#x441;&#x43B;&#x435;&#x434;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x435; &#x43D;&#x430;&#x43F;&#x440;&#x430;&#x432;&#x43B;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x43E; &#x43D;&#x430; &#x43E;&#x446;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x43A;&#x443; &#x434;&#x438;&#x43D;&#x430;&#x43C;&#x438;&#x43A;&#x438; &#x438; &#x44D;&#x444;&#x444;&#x435;&#x43A;&#x442;&#x438;&#x432;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x442;&#x438; &#x442;&#x43E;&#x440;&#x433;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x43E;&#x433;&#x43E; &#x441;&#x43E;&#x442;&#x440;&#x443;&#x434;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x447;&#x435;&#x441;&#x442;&#x432;&#x430; &#x41A;&#x438;&#x442;&#x430;&#x44F; &#x441; 60 &#x43F;&#x440;&#x438;&#x441;&#x43E;&#x435;&#x434;&#x438;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x432;&#x448;&#x438;&#x43C;&#x438;&#x441;&#x44F; &#x441;&#x442;&#x440;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x430;&#x43C;&#x438; &#x437;&#x430; 2013&#x2013;2021 &#x433;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x44B; &#x441; &#x446;&#x435;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x44E; &#x43A;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x438;&#x447;&#x435;&#x441;&#x442;&#x432;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x43D;&#x43E; &#x43E;&#x43F;&#x440;&#x435;&#x434;&#x435;&#x43B;&#x438;&#x442;&#x44C; &#x440;&#x430;&#x437;&#x440;&#x44B;&#x432; &#x43C;&#x435;&#x436;&#x434;&#x443; &#x43F;&#x43E;&#x442;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x446;&#x438;&#x430;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x43D;&#x43E; &#x432;&#x43E;&#x437;&#x43C;&#x43E;&#x436;&#x43D;&#x44B;&#x43C; &#x438; &#x444;&#x430;&#x43A;&#x442;&#x438;&#x447;&#x435;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x438; &#x440;&#x435;&#x430;&#x43B;&#x438;&#x437;&#x443;&#x435;&#x43C;&#x44B;&#x43C; &#x443;&#x440;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x43D;&#x435;&#x43C; &#x442;&#x43E;&#x440;&#x433;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x43B;&#x438; &#x438; &#x438;&#x43D;&#x442;&#x435;&#x440;&#x43F;&#x440;&#x435;&#x442;&#x438;&#x440;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x430;&#x442;&#x44C; &#x435;&#x433;&#x43E; &#x43A;&#x430;&#x43A; &#xAB;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x440;&#x433;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x443;&#x44E; &#x43D;&#x435;&#x44D;&#x444;&#x444;&#x435;&#x43A;&#x442;&#x438;&#x432;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x442;&#x44C;&#xBB; &#x433;&#x443;&#x43C;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x442;&#x430;&#x440;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x439; &#x43F;&#x440;&#x438;&#x440;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x44B;. &#x41C;&#x435;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x43E;&#x433;&#x438;&#x447;&#x435;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x438; &#x43F;&#x440;&#x438;&#x43C;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x430; &#x441;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x445;&#x430;&#x441;&#x442;&#x438;&#x447;&#x435;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x430;&#x44F; &#x43F;&#x43E;&#x433;&#x440;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x447;&#x43D;&#x430;&#x44F; &#x433;&#x440;&#x430;&#x432;&#x438;&#x442;&#x430;&#x446;&#x438;&#x43E;&#x43D;&#x43D;&#x430;&#x44F; &#x43C;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x435;&#x43B;&#x44C;, &#x43F;&#x43E;&#x437;&#x432;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x44F;&#x44E;&#x449;&#x430;&#x44F; &#x440;&#x430;&#x437;&#x434;&#x435;&#x43B;&#x438;&#x442;&#x44C; &#x441;&#x43B;&#x443;&#x447;&#x430;&#x439;&#x43D;&#x443;&#x44E; &#x43E;&#x448;&#x438;&#x431;&#x43A;&#x443; &#x438; &#x441;&#x438;&#x441;&#x442;&#x435;&#x43C;&#x43D;&#x443;&#x44E; &#x43D;&#x435;&#x44D;&#x444;&#x444;&#x435;&#x43A;&#x442;&#x438;&#x432;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x442;&#x44C;; &#x432; &#x43A;&#x430;&#x447;&#x435;&#x441;&#x442;&#x432;&#x435; &#x43E;&#x431;&#x44A;&#x44F;&#x441;&#x43D;&#x44F;&#x44E;&#x449;&#x438;&#x445; &#x43F;&#x435;&#x440;&#x435;&#x43C;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x43D;&#x44B;&#x445; &#x438;&#x441;&#x43F;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x437;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x44B; &#x412;&#x412;&#x41F;, &#x447;&#x438;&#x441;&#x43B;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x442;&#x44C; &#x43D;&#x430;&#x441;&#x435;&#x43B;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x44F;, &#x433;&#x435;&#x43E;&#x433;&#x440;&#x430;&#x444;&#x438;&#x447;&#x435;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x430;&#x44F; &#x434;&#x438;&#x441;&#x442;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x446;&#x438;&#x44F;, &#x441;&#x43C;&#x435;&#x436;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x442;&#x44C; &#x433;&#x440;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x446;, &#x43E;&#x431;&#x449;&#x438;&#x439; &#x44F;&#x437;&#x44B;&#x43A;, &#x438;&#x441;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x440;&#x438;&#x447;&#x435;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x438;&#x435; &#x441;&#x432;&#x44F;&#x437;&#x438;, &#x43A;&#x430;&#x447;&#x435;&#x441;&#x442;&#x432;&#x43E; &#x438;&#x43D;&#x441;&#x442;&#x438;&#x442;&#x443;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x432; &#x438; &#x43F;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x438;&#x442;&#x438;&#x447;&#x435;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x430;&#x44F; &#x441;&#x442;&#x430;&#x431;&#x438;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x442;&#x44C;; &#x44D;&#x43C;&#x43F;&#x438;&#x440;&#x438;&#x447;&#x435;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x430;&#x44F; &#x431;&#x430;&#x437;&#x430; &#x43F;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x442;&#x440;&#x43E;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x430; &#x43D;&#x430; &#x43F;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x435;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x43D;&#x44B;&#x445; &#x434;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x43D;&#x44B;&#x445; (&#x412;&#x441;&#x435;&#x43C;&#x438;&#x440;&#x43D;&#x44B;&#x439; &#x431;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x43A;, &#x41C;&#x412;&#x424;, &#x442;&#x430;&#x43C;&#x43E;&#x436;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x43D;&#x430;&#x44F; &#x441;&#x442;&#x430;&#x442;&#x438;&#x441;&#x442;&#x438;&#x43A;&#x430; &#x41A;&#x41D;&#x420;) &#x438; &#x434;&#x43E;&#x43F;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x43D;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x430; &#x43A;&#x430;&#x447;&#x435;&#x441;&#x442;&#x432;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x43D;&#x44B;&#x43C; &#x430;&#x43D;&#x430;&#x43B;&#x438;&#x437;&#x43E;&#x43C; &#x43E;&#x444;&#x438;&#x446;&#x438;&#x430;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x43D;&#x44B;&#x445; &#x434;&#x43E;&#x43A;&#x443;&#x43C;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x432;, &#x44D;&#x43A;&#x441;&#x43F;&#x435;&#x440;&#x442;&#x43D;&#x44B;&#x445; &#x43E;&#x442;&#x447;&#x435;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x432;, &#x43C;&#x435;&#x434;&#x438;&#x439;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x433;&#x43E; &#x434;&#x438;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x443;&#x440;&#x441;&#x430; &#x438; &#x43A;&#x435;&#x439;&#x441;-&#x441;&#x442;&#x430;&#x434;&#x438;. &#x420;&#x435;&#x437;&#x443;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x442;&#x430;&#x442;&#x44B; &#x43F;&#x43E;&#x43A;&#x430;&#x437;&#x44B;&#x432;&#x430;&#x44E;&#x442;, &#x447;&#x442;&#x43E; &#x43D;&#x430;&#x440;&#x44F;&#x434;&#x443; &#x441; &#x44D;&#x43A;&#x43E;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x43C;&#x438;&#x447;&#x435;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x438;&#x43C;&#x438; &#x434;&#x435;&#x442;&#x435;&#x440;&#x43C;&#x438;&#x43D;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x442;&#x430;&#x43C;&#x438; &#x43A;&#x43B;&#x44E;&#x447;&#x435;&#x432;&#x43E;&#x435; &#x432;&#x43B;&#x438;&#x44F;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x435; &#x43D;&#x430; &#x443;&#x441;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x439;&#x447;&#x438;&#x432;&#x44B;&#x435; &#x43E;&#x442;&#x43A;&#x43B;&#x43E;&#x43D;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x44F; &#x43E;&#x442; &#xAB;&#x433;&#x440;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x446;&#x44B;&#xBB; &#x43E;&#x43A;&#x430;&#x437;&#x44B;&#x432;&#x430;&#x44E;&#x442; &#x43A;&#x443;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x442;&#x443;&#x440;&#x43D;&#x430;&#x44F; &#x434;&#x438;&#x441;&#x442;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x446;&#x438;&#x44F;, &#x434;&#x435;&#x444;&#x438;&#x446;&#x438;&#x442; &#x438;&#x43D;&#x441;&#x442;&#x438;&#x442;&#x443;&#x446;&#x438;&#x43E;&#x43D;&#x430;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x433;&#x43E; &#x434;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x435;&#x440;&#x438;&#x44F;, &#x43D;&#x435;&#x433;&#x430;&#x442;&#x438;&#x432;&#x43D;&#x44B;&#x435; &#x438;&#x43D;&#x444;&#x43E;&#x440;&#x43C;&#x430;&#x446;&#x438;&#x43E;&#x43D;&#x43D;&#x44B;&#x435; &#x43D;&#x430;&#x440;&#x440;&#x430;&#x442;&#x438;&#x432;&#x44B; &#x438; &#x441;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x435;&#x440;&#x436;&#x430;&#x442;&#x435;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x43D;&#x430;&#x44F; &#x438;&#x441;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x440;&#x438;&#x447;&#x435;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x430;&#x44F; &#x43F;&#x430;&#x43C;&#x44F;&#x442;&#x44C;; &#x441;&#x442;&#x440;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x44B; &#x441; &#x43F;&#x43E;&#x437;&#x438;&#x442;&#x438;&#x432;&#x43D;&#x44B;&#x43C; &#x43E;&#x43F;&#x44B;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x43C; &#x432;&#x437;&#x430;&#x438;&#x43C;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x435;&#x439;&#x441;&#x442;&#x432;&#x438;&#x44F; &#x438; &#x438;&#x43D;&#x441;&#x442;&#x438;&#x442;&#x443;&#x446;&#x438;&#x43E;&#x43D;&#x430;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x439; &#x441;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x43C;&#x435;&#x441;&#x442;&#x438;&#x43C;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x442;&#x44C;&#x44E; &#x434;&#x435;&#x43C;&#x43E;&#x43D;&#x441;&#x442;&#x440;&#x438;&#x440;&#x443;&#x44E;&#x442; &#x43C;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x44C;&#x448;&#x443;&#x44E; &#x43D;&#x435;&#x44D;&#x444;&#x444;&#x435;&#x43A;&#x442;&#x438;&#x432;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x442;&#x44C;, &#x442;&#x43E;&#x433;&#x434;&#x430; &#x43A;&#x430;&#x43A; &#x432;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x43F;&#x440;&#x438;&#x44F;&#x442;&#x438;&#x435; &#x438;&#x43D;&#x444;&#x440;&#x430;&#x441;&#x442;&#x440;&#x443;&#x43A;&#x442;&#x443;&#x440;&#x43D;&#x44B;&#x445; &#x43F;&#x440;&#x43E;&#x435;&#x43A;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x432; &#x447;&#x435;&#x440;&#x435;&#x437; &#x43F;&#x440;&#x438;&#x437;&#x43C;&#x443; &#xAB;&#x434;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x433;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x43E;&#x439; &#x43B;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x443;&#x448;&#x43A;&#x438;&#xBB; &#x443;&#x441;&#x438;&#x43B;&#x438;&#x432;&#x430;&#x435;&#x442; &#x43D;&#x435;&#x444;&#x43E;&#x440;&#x43C;&#x430;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x43D;&#x44B;&#x435; &#x431;&#x430;&#x440;&#x44C;&#x435;&#x440;&#x44B;. &#x41A;&#x435;&#x439;&#x441;-&#x441;&#x442;&#x430;&#x434;&#x438; &#x43F;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x442;&#x432;&#x435;&#x440;&#x436;&#x434;&#x430;&#x44E;&#x442;, &#x447;&#x442;&#x43E; &#x43D;&#x430;&#x43F;&#x440;&#x44F;&#x436;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x435; &#x43C;&#x435;&#x436;&#x434;&#x443; &#x44D;&#x43A;&#x43E;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x43C;&#x438;&#x447;&#x435;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x438;&#x43C;, &#x43F;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x438;&#x442;&#x438;&#x447;&#x435;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x438;&#x43C; &#x438; &#x43A;&#x443;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x442;&#x443;&#x440;&#x43D;&#x43E;-&#x446;&#x438;&#x432;&#x438;&#x43B;&#x438;&#x437;&#x430;&#x446;&#x438;&#x43E;&#x43D;&#x43D;&#x44B;&#x43C; &#x443;&#x440;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x43D;&#x44F;&#x43C;&#x438; &#x432;&#x437;&#x430;&#x438;&#x43C;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x435;&#x439;&#x441;&#x442;&#x432;&#x438;&#x44F; &#x444;&#x43E;&#x440;&#x43C;&#x438;&#x440;&#x443;&#x435;&#x442; &#x441;&#x43A;&#x440;&#x44B;&#x442;&#x44B;&#x435; &#x43E;&#x433;&#x440;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x447;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x44F;, &#x43D;&#x435; &#x432;&#x438;&#x434;&#x438;&#x43C;&#x44B;&#x435; &#x432; &#x430;&#x433;&#x440;&#x435;&#x433;&#x438;&#x440;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x43D;&#x44B;&#x445; &#x43C;&#x430;&#x43A;&#x440;&#x43E;&#x43F;&#x43E;&#x43A;&#x430;&#x437;&#x430;&#x442;&#x435;&#x43B;&#x44F;&#x445;. &#x41F;&#x440;&#x430;&#x43A;&#x442;&#x438;&#x447;&#x435;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x438;&#x435; &#x438;&#x43C;&#x43F;&#x43B;&#x438;&#x43A;&#x430;&#x446;&#x438;&#x438; &#x437;&#x430;&#x43A;&#x43B;&#x44E;&#x447;&#x430;&#x44E;&#x442;&#x441;&#x44F; &#x432; &#x442;&#x43E;&#x43C;, &#x447;&#x442;&#x43E; &#x43F;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x44B;&#x448;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x435; &#x44D;&#x444;&#x444;&#x435;&#x43A;&#x442;&#x438;&#x432;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x442;&#x438; &#x442;&#x43E;&#x440;&#x433;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x43B;&#x438; &#x432; &#x440;&#x430;&#x43C;&#x43A;&#x430;&#x445; &#xAB;&#x41F;&#x43E;&#x44F;&#x441;&#x430; &#x438; &#x43F;&#x443;&#x442;&#x438;&#xBB; &#x442;&#x440;&#x435;&#x431;&#x443;&#x435;&#x442; &#x43D;&#x435; &#x442;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x43A;&#x43E; &#x438;&#x43D;&#x432;&#x435;&#x441;&#x442;&#x438;&#x446;&#x438;&#x439; &#x438; &#x441;&#x43E;&#x433;&#x43B;&#x430;&#x448;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x439;, &#x43D;&#x43E; &#x438; &#x430;&#x434;&#x440;&#x435;&#x441;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x439; &#x440;&#x430;&#x431;&#x43E;&#x442;&#x44B; &#x441; &#x433;&#x443;&#x43C;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x442;&#x430;&#x440;&#x43D;&#x44B;&#x43C;&#x438; &#x444;&#x430;&#x43A;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x440;&#x430;&#x43C;&#x438;: &#x43E;&#x431;&#x435;&#x441;&#x43F;&#x435;&#x447;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x44F; &#x442;&#x440;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x441;&#x43F;&#x430;&#x440;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x442;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x442;&#x438; &#x438; &#x43F;&#x440;&#x435;&#x434;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x430;&#x437;&#x443;&#x435;&#x43C;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x442;&#x438; &#x438;&#x43D;&#x441;&#x442;&#x438;&#x442;&#x443;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x432;, &#x440;&#x430;&#x437;&#x432;&#x438;&#x442;&#x438;&#x44F; &#x438;&#x43D;&#x441;&#x442;&#x440;&#x443;&#x43C;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x432; &#x43A;&#x443;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x442;&#x443;&#x440;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x433;&#x43E; &#x43F;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x440;&#x435;&#x434;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x447;&#x435;&#x441;&#x442;&#x432;&#x430; &#x438; &#x432;&#x44B;&#x432;&#x435;&#x440;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x43D;&#x44B;&#x445; &#x43A;&#x43E;&#x43C;&#x43C;&#x443;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x43A;&#x430;&#x446;&#x438;&#x43E;&#x43D;&#x43D;&#x44B;&#x445; &#x441;&#x442;&#x440;&#x430;&#x442;&#x435;&#x433;&#x438;&#x439;. &#x41F;&#x440;&#x435;&#x434;&#x43B;&#x43E;&#x436;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x43D;&#x430;&#x44F; &#x43C;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x435;&#x43B;&#x44C; &#x432;&#x44B;&#x441;&#x442;&#x443;&#x43F;&#x430;&#x435;&#x442; &#x434;&#x438;&#x430;&#x433;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x442;&#x438;&#x447;&#x435;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x438;&#x43C; &#x438;&#x43D;&#x441;&#x442;&#x440;&#x443;&#x43C;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x43C; &#x434;&#x43B;&#x44F; &#x442;&#x430;&#x440;&#x433;&#x435;&#x442;&#x438;&#x440;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x44F; &#x431;&#x430;&#x440;&#x44C;&#x435;&#x440;&#x43E;&#x432; &#x438; &#x43C;&#x43E;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x440;&#x438;&#x43D;&#x433;&#x430; &#x43F;&#x440;&#x43E;&#x433;&#x440;&#x435;&#x441;&#x441;&#x430;, &#x430; &#x441;&#x438;&#x43D;&#x442;&#x435;&#x437; &#x441;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x445;&#x430;&#x441;&#x442;&#x438;&#x447;&#x435;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x43E;&#x433;&#x43E; &#x43C;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x435;&#x43B;&#x438;&#x440;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x44F; &#x438; &#x433;&#x443;&#x43C;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x442;&#x430;&#x440;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x439; &#x438;&#x43D;&#x442;&#x435;&#x440;&#x43F;&#x440;&#x435;&#x442;&#x430;&#x446;&#x438;&#x438; &#x440;&#x430;&#x441;&#x448;&#x438;&#x440;&#x44F;&#x435;&#x442; &#x43E;&#x431;&#x44A;&#x44F;&#x441;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x442;&#x435;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x43D;&#x44B;&#x439; &#x43F;&#x43E;&#x442;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x446;&#x438;&#x430;&#x43B; &#x433;&#x440;&#x430;&#x432;&#x438;&#x442;&#x430;&#x446;&#x438;&#x43E;&#x43D;&#x43D;&#x44B;&#x445; &#x43F;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x445;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x43E;&#x432; &#x438; &#x43F;&#x440;&#x438;&#x431;&#x43B;&#x438;&#x436;&#x430;&#x435;&#x442; &#x440;&#x435;&#x430;&#x43B;&#x438;&#x437;&#x430;&#x446;&#x438;&#x44E; &#x446;&#x435;&#x43B;&#x435;&#x439; &#xAB;&#x421;&#x43E;&#x43E;&#x431;&#x449;&#x435;&#x441;&#x442;&#x432;&#x430; &#x435;&#x434;&#x438;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x439; &#x441;&#x443;&#x434;&#x44C;&#x431;&#x44B; &#x447;&#x435;&#x43B;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x435;&#x447;&#x435;&#x441;&#x442;&#x432;&#x430;&#xBB;.</p>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>In the context of the transformation of the global order and the rethinking of the role of the Belt and Road Initiative, this study aims to assess the dynamics and efficiency of China&#x2019;s trade cooperation with 60 participating countries during 2013&#x2013;2021, in order to quantitatively determine the gap between the potentially possible and the actually realized levels of trade, interpreting it as a &#x201C;trade inefficiency&#x201D; of a humanitarian nature. Methodologically, a stochastic frontier gravity model is applied, allowing for the separation of random error from systematic inefficiency. The explanatory variables include GDP, population, geographic distance, border adjacency, common language, historical ties, institutional quality, and political stability. The empirical base is constructed from panel data (World Bank, IMF, PRC customs statistics) and supplemented with qualitative analysis of official documents, expert reports, media discourse, and case studies. The results show that alongside economic determinants, key influences on persistent deviations from the &#x201C;frontier&#x201D; are cultural distance, a deficit of institutional trust, negative informational narratives, and substantive historical memory. Countries with positive interaction experience and institutional compatibility exhibit lower inefficiency, whereas the perception of infrastructure projects through the lens of a &#x201C;debt trap&#x201D; strengthens informal barriers. Case studies confirm that the tension between the economic, political, and cultural-civilizational levels of interaction creates hidden constraints not visible in aggregate macro indicators. The practical implications are that improving trade efficiency within the Belt and Road framework requires not only investments and agreements but also targeted work on humanitarian factors: ensuring institutional transparency and predictability, developing tools for cultural mediation, and implementing well-calibrated communication strategies. The proposed model serves as a diagnostic tool for targeting barriers and monitoring progress, while the synthesis of stochastic modeling and humanitarian interpretation expands the explanatory potential of gravity approaches and brings closer the realization of the goals of a &#x201C;Community of Shared Future for Mankind.&#x201D;</p>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
        <kwd>&#x441;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x445;&#x430;&#x441;&#x442;&#x438;&#x447;&#x435;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x430;&#x44F; &#x43F;&#x43E;&#x433;&#x440;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x447;&#x43D;&#x430;&#x44F; &#x433;&#x440;&#x430;&#x432;&#x438;&#x442;&#x430;&#x446;&#x438;&#x43E;&#x43D;&#x43D;&#x430;&#x44F; &#x43C;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x435;&#x43B;&#x44C;</kwd>
        <kwd>&#x41F;&#x43E;&#x44F;&#x441; &#x438; &#x43F;&#x443;&#x442;&#x44C;</kwd>
        <kwd>&#x442;&#x43E;&#x440;&#x433;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x430;&#x44F; &#x43D;&#x435;&#x44D;&#x444;&#x444;&#x435;&#x43A;&#x442;&#x438;&#x432;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x441;&#x442;&#x44C;</kwd>
        <kwd>&#x43A;&#x443;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x442;&#x443;&#x440;&#x43D;&#x430;&#x44F; &#x434;&#x438;&#x441;&#x442;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x446;&#x438;&#x44F;</kwd>
        <kwd>&#x438;&#x43D;&#x441;&#x442;&#x438;&#x442;&#x443;&#x446;&#x438;&#x43E;&#x43D;&#x430;&#x43B;&#x44C;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x435; &#x434;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x435;&#x440;&#x438;&#x435;</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>stochastic frontier gravity model</kwd>
        <kwd>Belt and Road</kwd>
        <kwd>trade inefficiency</kwd>
        <kwd>cultural distance</kwd>
        <kwd>institutional trust</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement xml:lang="ru">&#x418;&#x441;&#x441;&#x43B;&#x435;&#x434;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x435; &#x432;&#x44B;&#x43F;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x43D;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x43E; &#x431;&#x435;&#x437; &#x432;&#x43D;&#x435;&#x448;&#x43D;&#x435;&#x433;&#x43E; &#x444;&#x438;&#x43D;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x441;&#x438;&#x440;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x44F;.</funding-statement>
        <funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was conducted without external funding.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
      <custom-meta-group>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>metadata-license</meta-name>
          <meta-value>
            <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/">CC0 1.0</ext-link>
          </meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
      </custom-meta-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <back>
    <ref-list xml:lang="ru">
      <title>&#x421;&#x43F;&#x438;&#x441;&#x43E;&#x43A; &#x43B;&#x438;&#x442;&#x435;&#x440;&#x430;&#x442;&#x443;&#x440;&#x44B;</title>
      <ref id="R1">
        <mixed-citation>Batanov K.N. Problems and prospects of economic cooperation between the border regions of Russia and China: abstract of the dissertation for the degree of Candidate of Economic Sciences. Moscow: Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, 2006. 17 p.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R2">
        <mixed-citation>Gatagonova F.A. Trade and economic cross-border cooperation between Russia and China: prerequisites, problems and prospects: abstract of the dissertation for the degree of Candidate of Economic Sciences. Moscow: All-Russian State Tax Academy of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, 2008. 30 p.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R3">
        <mixed-citation>Golubev S.G. Issues of strengthening Chinese-Belarusian cooperation through the prism of national models of economic development // The Picture of the world through the prism of Chinese and Belarusian cultures: Collection of articles of the scientific and practical round table. Minsk, 2018. Pp. 3-7.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R4">
        <mixed-citation>Gribova S.N. Foreign trade cooperation of border regions using the example of Trans-Baikal Territory and the PRC // Development of cooperation between the border regions of Russia and China. Manchurian Institute of the Inner Mongolia University, Baikal State University of Economics and Law, 2014. Pp. 93-102.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R5">
        <mixed-citation>Gubin A.V. Problems of cooperation between the Russian Far East and China // Current issues of the PRC&#x2019;s development in the process of its regionalization and globalization: Materials of the 10th International Scientific and Practical Conference. Trans-Baikal State University; scientific editors: T.N. Kuchinskaya, V.S. Morozova. 2018. Pp. 57-73.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R6">
        <mixed-citation>Dyachenko V.N., Dzhomidava O.R. The Russian-Chinese borderlands: use of cooperation potential // Economics and Entrepreneurship. 2015. No. 4-2 (57). Pp. 100-103.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R7">
        <mixed-citation>Ivanov A.V., Shishin M.Yu. 6.3. Experience of cross-border cooperation in Russia and abroad // The Eurasian World: values, constants, self-organization: monograph / Popkov Yu.V., Ivanov A.V., Tyugashev E.A., Chetyrova L.B., Shishin M.Yu., Tsoohu Kh., Tsedev Kh.; edited by Yu.V. Popkov. Novosibirsk, 2010. Pp. 367-372.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R8">
        <mixed-citation>Isaev V.V., Ivanyuk I.A. Prospects for cross-border cooperation between Russia and China // Youth and Economics: new views and solutions: Interuniversity collection of scientific works based on the results of the 13th All-Russian scientific and practical conference of young scientists held as part of the 50th annual scientific and practical conference. 2013. Pp. 56-58.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R9">
        <mixed-citation>Kozyrskaya I.E. The importance of foreign trade in the activities of Russian regions (based on the example of cooperation with China) // Sixth Oriental Studies Readings of BSUEP: Materials of the International Scientific Conference. Irkutsk, 2009. Pp. 78-85.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R10">
        <mixed-citation>Li W. Analysis of regional trade and economic cooperation between Northeast China and Russia within the framework of the &#x201C;One Belt - One Road&#x201D; concept // Russia-China: Development of regional cooperation in the 21st century: Materials of the 19th International Scientific and Practical Conference. Chita, 2021. Pp. 165-174.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R11">
        <mixed-citation>Moin M. Rethinking the development of cross-border economic cooperation between China and Russia in modern conditions // Oikumena. Regional Studies. 2024. No. 4 (71). Pp. 38-50.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R12">
        <mixed-citation>Molodova A.S., Kuzmina V.M. Analysis of forms of cross-border cooperation between Russia and China // Politics and practice of systemic transformation of social structure: building &#x201C;socialism with Chinese characteristics&#x201D; and transformations in the USSR and modern Russia: collection of materials of the international scientific and practical conference. 2018. Pp. 203-209.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R13">
        <mixed-citation>Pogrebinskaya E.A., Chen S. Analysis of the potential of economic interaction between China and other countries within the framework of the &#x201C;One Belt - One Road&#x201D; initiative based on a stochastic border trade gravity model // Economics of High-Technology Industries. 2021. Vol. 2. No. 1. Pp. 21-28.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R14">
        <mixed-citation>Popkova L.I., Chernomaz P.A., Stepanov A.V. Chapter 1. Theory and methodology of interstate cross-border cooperation // Convergence and divergence of socio-economic processes in the Russian-Ukrainian borderlands / Popkova L.I., Chernomaz P.A., Stepanov A.V. Kursk, 2021. Pp. 7-47.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="R15">
        <mixed-citation>Serbina A.S. Cross-border cooperation between Russia and China // Russia-China: strategic interaction in the 21st century: Materials of the international school-seminar. 2015. Pp. 82-87.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
</article>
