Prospects and technological challenges of introducing hydrogen fuel as the main energy source for heavy cargo transport and marine vessels

Abstract

Hydrogen fuel is considered as a key solution for decarbonization of the sectors of heavy cargo transport and marine vessels with significant CO₂ emissions. Its attractiveness is due to its high energy density, short refueling time and zero emissions during use. However, serious technological and infrastructural challenges are hindering large-scale implementation. The article analyzes the prospects and barriers of switching to hydrogen in these segments, where traditional batteries are often ineffective due to weight and range. A key technological challenge is the development of efficient and safe hydrogen storage systems that require either ultra-high pressure (up to 700 bar) or cryogenic cooling to a liquid state. Both approaches involve high costs, operational difficulties, and safety risks. Equally important is the development of power plants: fuel cells that require cost reduction and increased durability (especially due to the use of rare metals), or adapted internal combustion engines that face the problem of detonation. A significant barrier is the lack of a developed infrastructure for the production, transportation and refueling of "green" hydrogen (produced by electrolysis of water using renewable energy sources). Its cost remains high compared to "gray" hydrogen (from fossil fuels). The development of port infrastructure and international safety standards is critically important for maritime navigation. The economic feasibility of the transition depends on reducing the cost of technology, renewable energy prices, government support (subsidies, carbon taxes), and the development of global hydrogen supply chains. The authors emphasize that success depends on comprehensive efforts: government policy, investment in R&D, infrastructure development and personnel training. Although hydrogen has significant potential for clean transportation, its competition with alternatives (ammonia, synthetic fuels, advanced batteries) and the pace of adoption remain uncertain and require further research and pilot projects.