Dental caries and its complications

Abstract

Dental caries is one of the most widespread chronic human diseases and retains a leading position in the structure of dental pathology in both children and adults. At present, this disease is regarded as a multifactorial pathological process based on the local demineralization of the hard tissues of the tooth under the action of organic acids formed as a result of the metabolism of the cariogenic microflora of dental plaque. The development of caries is determined by a complex interaction of the microbial factor, the character of the diet, enamel resistance, the composition and properties of saliva, the level of oral hygiene, as well as general somatic and social conditions. Of particular clinical significance are the complications of caries, which are formed in the absence of timely diagnosis and treatment. They include pulpitis, periodontitis, periostitis, odontogenic inflammatory processes of the maxillofacial region and, in a number of cases, systemic infectious and inflammatory complications. In addition, the progression of the carious process leads to impairment of masticatory function, aesthetic defects, chronic pain syndrome and a decrease in the quality of life of the patient. The article consistently examines modern concepts of the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical forms and diagnosis of dental caries, and also characterizes in detail its main complications, the mechanisms of their occurrence, clinical manifestations and principles of prevention. Particular attention is paid to the importance of the early detection of initial forms of the lesion, to an individualized approach to prevention and treatment, as well as to the need for interdisciplinary interaction in preventing severe odontogenic consequences. Thus, caries should be regarded not only as a local lesion of the hard tissues of the tooth, but also as a pathology capable of causing the development of serious dental and general clinical disorders.