Implementation of robotic complexes for the maintenance of underground utilities: prospects and challenges

Abstract

The article substantiates the need to transition to trenchless robotic technologies for servicing underground utilities amid critical network wear and high excavation risks. It aims to comprehensively assess the technical and economic feasibility of implementing robotic complexes (RCs), their reliability and safety impact, as well as to identify barriers and propose practical recommendations for scaling. Methodologically, the study relies on a systems approach: analysis of over 150 sources, synthesis of data from major operating organizations for 2018–2023, comparative techno-economic analysis of three typical RCs, calculation of investment indicators (NPV, IRR, PBP), reliability assessment based on MTBF/MTTR and availability coefficient, modeling of production risks, and multicriteria optimization (e.g., TOPSIS). The results show that RCs provide a multiple increase in productivity (inspection speed up 2–4 times), improved diagnostic accuracy (built-in profilometers and high-resolution video systems), a 30–50% reduction in direct operating costs for diagnostics and local repairs, and a dramatic increase in safety: the integrated personnel risk index decreases almost tenfold, the probability of accidents by more than 90%, and required crew size is halved. Economic calculations indicate payback periods of about 2 years with positive NPV, with premium models showing the highest return due to wider network coverage and reduced accident rates. Reliability indicators differ significantly: high-grade RCs achieve MTBF of hundreds of hours with minimal MTTR and availability coefficient ≈0.995 thanks to modular architecture and IP68 protection. The discussion reveals that efficiency depends on pipe diameter and usage intensity, as well as systemic barriers—capital intensity, skill shortages, lack of standardized data formats, and poor GIS/EAM integration. Proposed measures include pilot projects on mainlines more than 600 mm, creation of competence centers and operator training programs, data and regulation standardization, development of a unified digital platform, and transition to risk-oriented, proactive infrastructure condition management.